Your 401(k) When You Live Outside the US

If you live outside the United States and still hold a 401(k), the account no longer operates in a single system.

A 401(k) remains governed by US retirement rules and administered by US providers, even after you move abroad. At the same time, your country of residence may apply its own tax treatment, reporting requirements, and currency considerations. These systems do not coordinate, and issues often only appear later, typically when access or flexibility is needed.

This guide provides an overview of the key considerations for US expats, including:

• Leaving a 401(k) with its existing US provider while living overseas
• How provider restrictions and access rules can change for non-US residents
• Accessing or restructuring a 401(k) while resident outside the US

The guide explains the potential advantages and downsides of the main options available, but does not replace the need for personalised financial, tax, or legal advice specific to your circumstances.